人的全面发展
马克思指出,作为社会主体的每一个人在个性、道德、能力等方面的和谐、自由、全面的发展和完善,是共产主义的社会理想和人类的理想,与人的片面的、畸形的发展相对。马克思在创立历史唯物主义时提出了这一思想,在《共产党宣言》中以“自由人的联合体”来描述共产主义的社会理想,后来又在《资本论》及其他经济学著作中多次提出“全面而自由的发展”目标。
马克思主义不仅从现实的“平等主义”角度论证了“一切人”的发展,也从个体的角度提出了“人的全面发展”的社会理想,即“使社会的每一个成员都能完全自由地发展和发挥他的全部才能和力量,并且不会因此而危及这个社会的基本条件”。在这个意义上,消除贫困成为人的全面发展的基本要求。社会主义不仅要让人们实现温饱的目标,更要使人民过上能够全面发展的美好生活。以“人的全面发展”为目标,意味着消除贫困不仅是解除贫困人口的经济约束,更要实现他们对美好生活的向往。因此,习近平要求,坚持以促进人的全面发展的理念指导扶贫开发,丰富贫困地区文化活动,加强贫困地区社会建设,提升贫困群众教育、文化、健康水平和综合素质,振奋贫困地区和贫困群众精神风貌。
The Universal Development of the Individual
Karl Marx pointed out that harmonious, free and comprehensive development and improvement of every member of society in their individuality, virtue and capacity is the social ideal and aspiration of all humanity and communism, which is different from imbalanced development favoring particular individuals. He put forward this idea when he created the theory of historical materialism. He used “a community of free individuals” to describe the social ideal of communism in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, and mentioned the goal of “comprehensive and free development” in Capital and other works on economics.
Marxism advocates the development of all individuals on an equal footing and the comprehensive development of human beings, “To organize society in such a way that every member of it can develop and use all his capabilities and powers in complete freedom and without thereby infringing the basic conditions of this society.” In this sense, ending poverty is the basic requirement for the universal development of individuals. Socialism will not only ensure people’s basic needs – food and clothing – but also bring them a better life with universal development.
To end poverty and pursue “universal development” will relieve the people of their economic bonds and realize their desire for a better life. Xi Jinping urges promoting people’s well-rounded development to guide poverty alleviation endeavors, increasing cultural activities and social programs in poor areas, enhancing education, culture, and healthcare services for local people, and improving their moral standards.
