贫困代际传递
贫困代际传递是指贫困以及导致贫困的相关条件和因素,在家庭内部由父母传递给子女,使子女在成年后重复父母的境遇——继承父母的贫困和不利因素并将贫困和不利因素传递给后代的恶性遗传链;也指在一定的社区或阶层范围内,贫困以及导致贫困的相关条件和因素在代际之间延续,使后代重复前代的贫困境遇。
教育是阻断贫困代际传递的治本之策。目前,一些贫困地区的教育发展面临很大困难,由于各种原因,贫困家庭孩子辍学失学还比较多,“读书无用论”观点也有所蔓延,不少贫困家庭子女受教育程度同普通家庭的差距正在扩大。贫困地区教育事业是管长远的,必须下大气力抓好。脱贫攻坚期内,职业教育培训是工作重点。一个贫困家庭的孩子如果能接受职业教育,掌握一技之长并顺利就业,这一户脱贫就有希望了。国家教育经费要继续向贫困地区倾斜、向基础教育倾斜、向职业教育倾斜,特岗计划、国培计划同样要向贫困地区基层倾斜。要帮助贫困地区改善办学条件,加大支持乡村教师队伍建设力度,建立省级统筹乡村教师补充机制。要探索率先从建档立卡的贫困家庭学生开始实施普通高中教育免学(杂)费,落实中等职业教育免学(杂)费,大城市优质学校同贫困地区学校结对等帮扶政策。要对农村贫困家庭幼儿特别是留守儿童给予特殊关爱,探索建立贫困地区学前教育公共服务体系。
Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty
Intergenerational transmission of poverty is a vicious circle under which conditions and factors that cause poverty are passed down from parents to children, who will inherit these same conditions and factors and pass them down to their children. The phenomenon can also exist in particular communities or social strata, and thus poverty is passed down from generation to generation.
Education is an effective way to prevent intergenerational transmission of poverty. At present, impoverished areas face difficulties in education, and there are many school dropouts from poor families. The idea that “education is useless” is widespread among such people. The gap between the education of children from poor families and that from ordinary families is widening. Education has far-reaching significance to the poor regions, and needs to be addressed with great effort.
Vocational education and training are essential to China’s poverty elimination before 2020. If children from underprivileged households can receive vocational education and acquire some skills for future employment, their families will have better prospects of escaping poverty.
National education funds will continue to be weighted toward poor regions, for basic and vocational education, as will the state training program for special posts and national teachers’ training program. The conditions of schools in poor areas will be improved, rural teachers will receive more support, and a mechanism will be put in place whereby the provincial government will coordinate the replenishment of rural teachers. Senior high school students from families registered as living under the poverty line will be the first to be exempt from tuition and related fees, students of secondary vocational schools will also be exempt from tuition and related fees, and schools with good education resources in major cities will be paired up with those in poor regions to provide assistance to the latter. Particular care will be given to preschool children of rural poor families and left-behind children whose parents are working away from home, and a system for public services will be set up for preschool education in impoverished areas.
