基本公共服务
基本公共服务是指建立在一定社会共识基础上,根据一国经济社会发展阶段和总体水平,为维持本国经济社会的稳定的、基本的社会正义和凝聚力,保护个人最基本的生存权和发展权,为实现人的全面发展所需要的基本社会条件。基本公共服务包括三个要点:一是保障人类的基本生存权(或生存的基本需要),为了实现这个目标,需要政府及社会为每个人都提供基本就业保障、基本养老保障、基本生活保障等;二是满足基本尊严(或体面)和基本能力的需要,需要政府及社会为每个人都提供基本的教育和文化服务;三是满足基本健康的需要,需要政府及社会为每个人都提供基本的健康保障。随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,一个社会基本公共服务的范围会逐步扩展,水平也会逐步提高。
中共十八大报告提出,到2020年基本公共服务均等化总体实现。2017年3月,国务院印发《“十三五”推进基本公共服务均等化规划》,界定了基本公共服务范围,包括保障基本民生需求的教育、就业、社会保障、医疗卫生、住房保障、文化体育等领域的公共服务。脱贫攻坚目标之一,是实现贫困地区基本公共服务均等化。2018年2月12日,习近平在打好精准脱贫攻坚战座谈会上指出,脱贫攻坚的目标是,确保到2020年现行标准下农村贫困人口全部脱贫,消除绝对贫困;确保贫困县全部摘帽,解决区域性整体贫困。稳定实现贫困人口“两不愁三保障”,贫困地区基本公共服务领域主要指标接近全国水平。2018年6月15日,中共中央、国务院出台的《关于打赢脱贫攻坚战三年行动的指导意见》明确提出,实现贫困地区基本公共服务主要领域指标接近全国平均水平,主要有:贫困地区具备条件的乡镇和建制村通硬化路,贫困村全部实现通动力电,全面解决贫困人口住房和饮水安全问题,贫困村达到人居环境干净整洁的基本要求,切实解决义务教育学生因贫失学辍学问题,基本养老保险和基本医疗保险、大病保险实现贫困人口全覆盖,最低生活保障实现应保尽保。集中连片特困地区和革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区发展环境明显改善,深度贫困地区如期完成全面脱贫任务。
Basic Public Services
Basic public services reflect a social consensus and a country’s economic and social development. They maintain stability, basic justice and cohesion, ensure people’s rights to basic subsistence and development, and guarantee them opportunities for all-round development.
There are three essentials for basic public services. The first is to protect the right to subsistence (or survival needs) of human beings. To realize this, the government and society need to provide some form of employment, a pension, and basic living conditions. The second is to satisfy people’s needs to maintain dignity and the ability to participate in society. For this purpose, the government and society need to provide basic education and cultural services for every citizen. The third is to meet basic health needs and provide health services for all.
The scope of public services will gradually expand along with economic development and general improvements to living standards.
In the report to the 18th National Congress, the CPC set the goal of generally achieving equal access to basic public services by 2020. The Plan on Promoting Equal Access to Basic Public Services During the 13th Five-year Plan Period, issued by the State Council in March 2017, defined their scope as including education, employment, social security, medical and public health services, housing, cultural and sports services.
Addressing a seminar on targeted poverty elimination held on February 12, 2018, Xi Jinping defined the goals for the year 2020 as: to lift all rural population living under current poverty line out of poverty and eliminate absolute poverty; help all poor counties escape poverty and eliminate
overall regional poverty; and guarantee food and clothing to those living in poverty, ensure they have proper access to compulsory education, basic medical services and safe housing, and ensure the main indicators of basic public services be close to the national average.
According to the Three-year Guideline on Winning the Battle Against Poverty, released by the central authorities on June 15, 2018, the main indicators of basic public services include:
•Towns, townships and villages in poor areas have asphalt roads where conditions permit;
•Poor villages all have three-phase power;
•Poor population have housing and safe drinking water;
•Poor villages have clean living environments;
•No child entitled to compulsory education should drop out of school;
•Poor population are all covered by the basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance and serious illness insurance;
•All eligible people have subsistence allowances;
•Contiguous areas of extreme poverty, old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations and border areas all see their development conditions notably improved; and
•Severely impoverished areas have escaped poverty as scheduled.
