定点扶贫
定点扶贫,是指党政机关、企事业单位和社会团体利用自己的资源,以贫困区域的重点贫困县为主要帮扶对象,与贫困地区合作以帮助其脱贫致富的一种开发式扶贫模式,其目的是促进党政机关、企事业单位和社会团体参与扶贫工作。这是中国特色扶贫开发工作的重要组成部分。2012年11月8日,国务院扶贫办、中组部等八部门联合印发《关于做好新一轮中央、国家机关和有关单位定点扶贫工作的通知》,确定了新一轮定点扶贫结对关系。参与定点扶贫的中央和国家机关等单位达到310个,第一次实现了定点扶贫工作对592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县的全覆盖。
依据定点扶贫工作介入点的不同,可以将实践中的不同扶贫方式分为:以项目扶持为介入点的扶贫模式、以产业开发为着力点的扶贫模式、以企业发展为推手的扶贫模式、以结对帮扶为手段的扶贫模式。
其一,以项目扶持为介入点的定点扶贫模式。在该模式下,定点扶贫主体以扶持适合当地发展项目的形式帮助其解决贫困问题。水利部在其定点贫困县开展以项目帮扶为主的扶贫工作,采取“项目扶持、资金支持”的方式,实施以“六大工程”建设为重点的民生水利工程,解决当地的基础设施、农田水利、村容村貌、教育等问题,扶贫成效明显。
其二,以产业开发为着力点的定点扶贫模式。这种模式以产业开发为重点,通过促进当地产业结构改善,带动地区经济发展,提高农民发展能力,实现落后地区的可持续发展,解决贫困问题。科技部在光山、佳县、井冈山、永新、魏县、英山、柞水等定点帮扶县,整合科技资源,聚焦关键技术攻关,重视科技示范作用,指导各地科技扶贫工作,促进了贫困地区特色产业发展。
其三,以企业发展为推手的定点扶贫模式。这种模式以扶持贫困地区的龙头企业为引领,带动地区经济发展,转移农业劳动力,解决贫困问题。该模式以中国石油天然气集团公司定点帮扶台前县为典型代表。2007年,中国石油天然气集团公司承接河南省台前县定点扶贫任务,发挥石油石化行业优势,扶持当地龙头企业——濮阳市恒润石化公司,带动当地石油石化产业发展,促进经济增长和农民增收。
其四,以结对帮扶为手段的扶贫模式。在中央、省级部门的扶贫推动与宏观指导下,贫困地区的市、县级政府积极响应国家的号召,探索了诸如“对口帮扶”“结对助困”等适合本地区特点的社会扶贫发展模式。例如,陕西省榆林府谷县创造了“3331”的扶贫方式。即利用3年时间,每年至少帮扶3000户,做到帮扶到村、到户、到人“三到位”,实现全县贫困人口整体脱贫这一目标。
Paired-Up Assistance in Poverty Alleviation
Paired-up assistance is a unique practice in China’s poverty alleviation. The CPC and government departments, enterprises, public institutions and social organizations are paired up with recipient poor counties to provide assistance to the latter. By using their own resources, these units can play their part in the national battle against poverty. This is an important element of China’s poverty elimination campaign.
On November 8, 2012, the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development and seven other government departments jointly released a notice on a new round of paired-up assistance by central departments and ministries, and publicized a new list of cooperation partners. A total of 310 central departments and institutions appeared on the list, and for the first time the 592 poor counties were all paired up with partners.
The assistance may be provided by way of projects, economic development, creating enterprises, and paired-up assistance:
(1) Assistance projects suited to local conditions. For instance, the Ministry of Water Resources has assigned money to six projects in its paired counties, which have substantially improved local infrastructure, farmland irrigation, water conservancy, village conditions, and education;
(2) Economic development for sustainable growth of underdeveloped regions through improving the local industrial structure, boosting the regional economy, and enhancing the farmers’ capacity for development. The Ministry of Science and Technology has provided technological assistance to its paired counties of Guangshan, Jiaxian, Jinggangshan, Yongxin, Weixian, Yingshan and Zhashui, thus promoting specialized industrial development in these places;
(3) Developing businesses to create jobs and drive the local economy. For example PetroChina was assigned to help Taiqian County of Henan Province in 2007. It has since supported Hengrun in Puyang, a leading local petrochemical plant, and consequently boosted the local oil and petrochemical industries and brought more income to local farmers; and
(4) Paired-up assistance for targeted effects. City and county governments in impoverished areas have developed modes of paired-up social assistance to suit local poverty alleviation. For instance, Fugu County in Shaanxi Province has adopted a “3331” model: designating local officials to help at least 3,000 households a year and provide assistance to every village, every household and every villager in order to realize the one goal of poverty elimination in three years through paired-up assistance.
