遵义海龙屯
贵州有丰富的土司文化遗迹,其中以遵义海龙屯土司城堡遗址最为著名,被誉为“绝壁上的土司宫殿”。2015年7月,在德国波恩召开的第39届世界遗产大会上将其列入世界遗产名录,遗址区面积含遗产区和缓冲区共12.9平方千米。
海龙屯位于遵义市(旧称播州)高坪镇海龙屯村龙岩山巅,始建于南宋宝祐五年(1257),屯上建有九个关口,毁于明万历二十八年(1600)的平播之役。海龙屯地势险要,屯上最高海拔1354米,屯下海拔974米,相对高差近400米。其中最险要的当数“天梯”,古称“三十六步”,长55米,坡度45度,中间踏步宽2.7米。
1257年,为了阻止蒙古军队南下,当时的播州官员谋划构筑这一军事城堡。两年后,蒙哥汗战死重庆合川钓鱼城。海龙屯和钓鱼城之间在同一时期构造军事堡垒不是巧合,而是和播州人擅长筑城有密切关系。钓鱼城的营造者正是播州人冉琎、冉璞兄弟俩。元朝大军铁蹄受阻,只好绕道云南进攻中原王朝。明朝万历二十七年(1599),播州宣慰使杨应龙举兵反明。朝廷调24万大军攻破海龙屯,史称“平播之役”,也是万历三大征之一。
海龙屯是中国唐宋羁縻之制和元明土司制度的产物,见证了中国少数民族政策由羁縻之制到土司制度再到“改土归流”的演变。它也是著名的“平播之役”的主战场,见证了播州杨氏土司家族长达725年的兴衰。
2013年,海龙屯遗址考古被列为全国十大考古新发现之一;2015年,海龙屯考古被列为世界十大重大田野考古发现之一。
Hailongtun of Zunyi
Guizhou is rich in Tusi-related cultural heritage. The most famous is the site of Hailongtun Tusi Fortress known as the "Tusi Palace on the Cliff". In July 2015, it was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 39th Session of the World Heritage Committee in Bonn, Germany. It covers an area of 12.9 square kilometers, including the heritage area and the buffer zone.
Located on the top of the Longyan Mountain in Hailongtun Village, Gaoping Town, Zunyi City (formerly known as Bozhou), the Hailongtun Fortress was built in 1257, the fifth year of the Baoyou Period in the Southern Song Dynasty. There were nine passes and the fortress was destroyed in the Bozhou Campaign in 1600, the 28th year of Emperor Wanli's reign in the Ming Dynasty. Built over difficult terrain, the fortress is 1,354 meters high at the highest altitude and 974 meters at the lowest, so there is a height difference of nearly 400 meters. The most dangerous part is the "stairway to the heaven", known as the "36 steps" in ancient times. It has a length of 55 meters and a gradient of 45 degrees, while the steps are 2.7 meters wide.
In 1257, to prevent the Mongol army from moving south, the officials in Bozhou planned to build this military fortress. Two years later, M?ngke Khan was killed in battle at Diaoyucheng in Hechuan, Chongqing. It was not a coincidence that military fortresses were constructed at Hailongtun and Diaoyucheng in the same period. It was closely associated with Bozhou people's adeptness at building fortresses. The builders of Diaoyucheng were Ran Jin and Ran Pu who were brothers from Bozhou. The Yuan army was blocked then and had to go around Yunnan to attack the Central Plains regime. In 1599, the 27th year of Emperor Wanli's reign in the Ming Dynasty, Yang Yinglong, Pacification Commissioner of Bozhou, staged a military rebellion against the Ming court which sent 240,000 troops to attack Hailongtun. Known as the Bozhou Campaign in Chinese history, this is also one of the Three Great Campaigns of Emperor Wanli.
Hailongtun was the product of the evolution of China's ethnic minority policy from the Jimi (literally "control and incentives") System of the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Tusi System of Yuan and Ming Dynasties and then to the system of state-appointed officials. It was also the main battlefield of the famous Bozhou Campaign, which witnessed the rise and decline of the Yangs Tusi family in Bozhou over a span of 725 years.
In 2013, the Hailongtun Site was listed as one of China's top ten new archaeological discoveries. In 2015, it was listed as one of the world's top ten field archaeological discoveries.
