国家生态文明试验区
2016年8月,贵州省列为首批国家生态文明试验区,承担生态文明体制改革创新试验,着力建立完善生态文明制度体系。2017年9月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《国家生态文明试验区(贵州)实施方案》,明确贵州要以建设“多彩贵州公园省”为总体目标,到2018年,生态文明体制改革取得重要进展,在部分重点领域形成一批可复制可推广的生态文明制度成果。到2020年,全面建立产权清晰、多元参与、激励约束并重、系统完整的生态文明制度体系,为其他地区生态文明建设提供可借鉴可推广的经验。截至目前,贵州34项核心制度成果全面完成,生态文明“四梁八柱”制度框架全面建立,13个方面、30项改革成果列入国家推广清单。
贵州全面推行河(湖)长制、林长制,率先全流域取缔网箱养殖,完成长江流域重点水域退捕禁捕,地表水水质总体优良;县城以上城市空气质量优良天数比率保持在95%以上;森林覆盖率达到60%。
目前,贵州各类自然保护地达318个,保护地总面积达3438.7万亩;其中,自然保护区89个,湿地公园53个,森林公园97个。全省列入国家重点保护野生动物181种,野生植物79种。
贵州的生态修复是一个奇迹。1949年森林覆盖率仅9%;到2000年,用了半个世纪植树造林,森林覆盖率提高到30.83%;到2020年,森林覆盖率实现翻番提高到60%。和新中国成立初比,全省森林面积净增1亿多亩,人均森林面积达到2000多平方米。
贵州也为全球减碳作出了贡献。根据《自然》杂志发表的论文,包括贵州在内的西南地区和东北地区新造树林吸收二氧化碳规模被低估了。西南地区的陆地生物圈已成为中国最大的碳汇,约占全国陆地碳汇的31.5%,遥遥领先于其他地区。
National Ecological Conservation Pilot Zone
In August 2016, Guizhou was listed as one of the country's first national ecological conservation pilot zones to press ahead with reform and innovation and put in place systems for promoting ecological progress. In September 2017, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the Implementation Plan for National Ecological Conservation Pilot Zone (Guizhou), defining the mission of making Guizhou a colorful province of parks. It was also made clear that important progress should be made in the reform for ecological advancement by 2018, with replicable systems established in some important fields. Moreover, the province should put in place sound systems for promoting ecological progress featuring clearly defined property rights, diverse participants, as well as equal emphasis on incentives and constraints by 2020. To date, Guizhou has achieved 34 core institutional outcomes and created a pertinent institutional framework. Thirty of its reform outcomes in 13 aspects have been listed as good practices to be promoted across the country.
Guizhou fully embraces the system of river (lake) chiefs and forest chiefs. It has taken the lead to ban cage culture in all water bodies and fishing in key areas of the Yangtze River Basin. The quality of surface water is generally good. The proportion of days with good air quality in a year in cities above the county level has stayed above 95% and forest coverage has reached 60% in the province.
Guizhou now has 318 protected areas of all kinds, with a total area of 34,387,000 mu (a Chinese unit of area, roughly equal to 0.067 hectare), including 89 nature reserves, 53 wetland parks and 97 forest parks. There are 181 species of wild animals and 79 species of wild plants under prioritized national protection.
The ecological restoration in Guizhou is a miracle. The province's forest coverage was just 9% in 1949, increased to 30.83% in 2000, thanks to afforestation efforts over half a century, and reached 60% in 2020. Compared with the early years of the People's Republic of China, the province's forest area has increased by more than 100 million mu, and the per capita forest area has exceeded 2,000 square meters.
Guizhou has also contributed to global carbon emissions reduction. According to a paper published in the journal Nature, the carbon dioxide uptake by new forests in China's southwest and northeast regions, including Guizhou, has been underestimated. The land biosphere in the southwest region is now the largest carbon sink in China, accounting for about 31.5% of the country's land carbon sinks, far ahead of other regions.
