上海生活垃圾分类全程体系建设
随着中国城镇化快速发展，人民生活水平不断提高，“垃圾围城”成为全国大中型城市发展中的一个“痛点”。近年来，物流、餐饮行业的兴起发展，使得上海市生活垃圾量面临巨大的增长压力，并由此衍生出土地侵占、环境污染、资源浪费等问题。垃圾分类作为推进生活垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化的主要手段之一，是提升人居环境、加快生态文明建设的重要举措。
上海自20世纪90年代开始推进生活垃圾分类工作，先后开展专项分类，探索分类标准、分类管理制度。垃圾分类既是民生“关键小事”，也是绿色发展大事。习近平指出，北京、上海等城市，要向国际水平看齐，率先建立生活垃圾强制分类制度，为全国作出表率。2014年，《上海市促进生活垃圾分类减量办法》确立了分类减量联席会议制度、分类投放管理责任人制度等多项管理制度。2017年，上海开始着手构建生活垃圾分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处理的全程分类体系。2018年，上海发布实施方案明确地方标准和规范，印发三年行动计划细化工作进程，生活垃圾分类工作正式进入“全程分类，整体推进”的新阶段。2019年7月1日，《上海市生活垃圾管理条例》正式施行，为垃圾分类全程体系建设提供法治保障。目前，上海已基本形成“党建引领、规划先行、政府推动、市场运作、社会参与”的生活垃圾分类工作新格局，分类实效正在逐步提升。
推行垃圾分类，关键是要加强科学管理、形成长效机制、推动习惯养成。上海生活垃圾分类的主要经验，就是通过完善的顶层设计、良好的制度保障、完备的标准体系来指导实践，推动建立生活垃圾分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处理的全程管理体系，形成以法治为基础、政府推动、全民参与、城乡统筹、因地制宜的垃圾分类制度。
Shanghai: Household Waste Sorting
Along with rapid urbanization and improvement of people's living standards, more and more large and medium-sized cities are finding themselves "encircled" by a growing volume of garbage. The boom in catering and logistics services in recent decades has produced huge amounts of household waste in Shanghai, which has resulted in such problems as land appropriation, environmental pollution, and waste of resources.
Waste sorting is an effective measure for reducing, recycling and harmless treatment of household waste. It is also an important way to improve the living environment and accelerate the building of an eco-civilization.
Shanghai began household waste sorting in the 1990s. It has pioneered waste separation and formulated relevant rules.
Waste sorting is a small thing in people's lives and a big thing in green development. Xi Jinping has required Beijing and Shanghai to follow international standards, and lead other cities in practicing compulsory waste sorting.
In 2014 Shanghai introduced a number of systems related to household waste sorting and reduction, such as joint meetings and naming individuals responsible for waste collection. In 2017, the city began to put in place a system for whole-process management covering sorted waste deposits, collection, transportation and processing. In 2018, it unveiled rules about household waste sorting and a detailed three-year action plan. On July 1, 2019, the Shanghai Regulations on Household Waste Sorting came into effect, providing legal stipulations for the whole-process operation. To date, good results have been achieved, with the involvement of all sectors – Party organizations, government departments, the market and the general public.
Waste sorting requires science-based management, long-term mechanisms and good habits. Shanghai's experience is that there must be top-level design, support mechanisms, and complete standards and rules to follow. Legislation, government promotion, public participation, coordination among urban and rural areas, and applicable measures all play their roles in this whole process.
